5.    The physics of liberation

Brian Josephson in one of his works explains the difference between Western and Eastern modes of thinking. The gist of thinking is the moving of thoughts along the loops: loops of logic, loops of the plot, loops of neural nets. In the Western thinking we can follow those moves but we take the net of loops as something given. Only the rare moment of discovery can change this net. But in the Eastern thinking we can consciously change the parameters of any loop.

We have something similar for the net depicted on Fig. 6. Here the cosmological model contains not only the global features of expansion and dissipation but also all characteristics of near environment. The compression or pumping (as something opposite to expansion and dissipation) so as some additional forced expansion and dissipation can dramatically change the role of any loop.

Any such change breaks the laws of quantum mechanics and general relativity theory. We have here many different new effects (I repeat – on usual scales of space-time and energy) up to going out of time.

In the next chapters I will show that individual psyche, social consciousness and the last senses (or meanings) play in physics the role similar to the above role of cosmological models. Then the contribution of loops can be changed not only through compression and pumping but also through similar procedures on higher (or deeper) levels.

6.    Prequantum pregravitational vacuum

In the new procedures that are described at the end of the preceding section we are dealing with the net depicted on Fig. 6. This net is formed by classical waves of all four kinds of fields. This net (and all our physics) is a result of the symmetry breaking, all parameters can be calculated from conditions of self-concordance. All physical constants also turn out to have unique value in terms of initial , N, R. Actually, N also can be calculated, see Chapter 2, Section 14. Now we can understand why today’s physics can not say anything about those constants: this physics does not have any hint at its genesis and at prequantum vacuum.

These nets are the true vacuum – without any infinities because all characteristics of these nets are taken form astrophysical observations.

This prequantum vacuum has nothing to do with the usual vacuum of quantum field theory. But this second vacuum is a consequence of dynamics of prequantum vacuum. In particular, the absence of infinities in prequantum vacuum generates a natural cutoff for frequencies in the second vacuum.

In the next two sections I will note two important functions of prequantum vacuum.

7.    Limits of relativity

You can see from Fig. 6 that any particle is tightly connected to the universe as a whole. This connection is the source of all micro ^®_¬        macro connections that are much discussed in physical literature (for example, Mach principle).

The principle of relativity that is of prime importance after the works of Einstein becomes completely incomprehensible in the light of connections depicted on Fig. 6. But after writing down all equations and solving them we shall see that special relativity theory works up to frequencies , where  is Compton frequency. But above this frequency we have a natural cutoff.

Then we must not presuppose any relativity and must rewrite Maxwell equation for some general group of space-time transformations. Then we must pass this group through micro ^®_¬        macro relations (the response to the universe). Here we shall have for this group a condition of self-consistence. As a solution of this condition we shall have the Lorentz group for frequencies up to  and a more general group for higher frequencies.

8.    Limits of reversibility

You can see from Fig. 6 that local dynamics is connected to global dynamics of the universe as a whole. Then we can start from absolute symmetry of two signs of time and two signs of causality, but because our system of reference (as local dynamics) is connected to our universe (with global dynamics that is the averaging of local dynamics) we have here a symmetry breaking. That is the source of only one sign of time in the Boltzman equation.

Then the correct classical mechanics, that takes this connection into account, can not be time-symmetric and must have a small irreversible part.

Two signs of time and two signs of causality are needed by a cosmic program to generate (in some higher dynamics of the program of evolution) time and causality and to throw them out at the end of times (through our human effort).

I want to say that if we see time and causality as something appearing and disappearing we can suppose that this procedure is simplified for the universe symmetric in two signs of time and causality.

Then we have three levels:

1.  Irreversible higher evolution.

2.  Reversible equations of physics.

3.  Small irreversible terms in these equations that are generated by connections to cosmology.

The first and the third levels are also connected, but in terms of higher dynamics that I do not discuss here.

Now all principles are stated, and I proceed to calculations and proofs. But at first not for a problem as whole, but for a small part of it: I begin from the mystery of mass.

9.    The mystery of mass – a symbolic calculation

I want to illustrate the effectiveness of equations (20) with a simple estimated calculation of electron’s mass.

I start from assumptions:

1. Interaction between the two worlds (retarded causal and advanced anticausal) has the form of pairing (or sticking together) particles from these two worlds. For a particle k (indices are pointed in the Table 1)

                                                                                               (26)

2. I start from classical electrodynamics with zero mass electrons, but assume that after the above connections are taken into account we would have any particle acquiring mass and obeying Newton law in an external field :

                                                                                                        (27)

The only unknown element here is the magnitude of mass.

To calculate this mass I take an electron moving with acceleration  and calculate the response from the universe. This response is generated by electromagnetic waves that are radiated as retarded waves, scattered on pairs (26) and return to their source as advanced waves.

For an accelerating electron we have at the distance r  retarded field

                                                                                  (28)

If we have another electron at distance r, we would have it moving with acceleration (according to (27))

                                                                                                          (29)

This acceleration generates at the point  the advanced field

                                                                                           (30)

Putting (28) in (29) and (29) in (30) we have:

That is the response from an electron. The response from the entire universe will be

                                                                      (31)

here  is the density of electrons at point .

In an external field  we have from the condition of equilibrium:

                                                                                                 (32)

Comparing this equality to (27) we see

Putting here (31) we have

                                                               (33)

Hence

Let     N be the number of electrons under the horizon,

          R – distance to the horizon.

Then

and

                                                                                                   (34)

It is near experimental value of electron mass.

I carried out this estimation many years ago and was going to transform it to correct calculation in 2-3 weeks. But this “technical” problem turned out to be the long “drama of ideas.” After reading this chapter you will know the plot of this drama.

Actually, it is not a derivation, because (26-27) are not proved. And the logic is self-contradictory, because in the absence of external field we have from (27)

hence the amplitude of oscillations is zero – but mass is generated by these same oscillations.

Things look bad, but you should not give up hope – we have the described above (see (20)) key to the universe! We must take instead of (26-27) some more general suggestions anput them in (20) to see their self-consistency. If we have this self-consistency, then the problem is solved, if not – we put forward the next generalization.

But the intermediate stages and their consequences are also interesting – here in simple situations we can see the origin of different physical notions.

10.  The mystery of de Broglie waves – an estimated calculation

In the above calculations I did not take into account loops in time which can be formed as a result of multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves. Now I want to remedy the situation.

The multiple scattering is accounted by index of refraction. For rarefied electron plasma the index of refraction is

Then along a length r we have a phase shift

If we put this shift into expression (33) for I, we would have

        (35)

Then the response from the universe generates (see (31)) a new term in the equation of motion

i.e. usual radiation dumping. This fact was discovered by Wheeler and Feynman [3] in their electrodynamic symmetric in relation to retarded and advanced waves (both causal).

But what if we take other (anticausal) pair of solutions (7-10)? What if we take into account the Hubble expansion ?

We can expect instead of (35) something like

                                                             (36)

Here f is a function that can be calculated. After substituting the variables we see that the integral depends only on one parameter

                                                                                                        (37)

What if for some  we have

          ?                                                                                           (38)

Then we shall have for this  autooscillations without dumping. Equation (38) gives us the demand on parameter (37) and from the relation

we have

                                                                                                 (39)

After calculating this frequency we find it near Compton frequency for electron. If we assume this  to be actually the Compton frequency, we can calculate from (34) and (39) the Planck constant and the fine structure constant – they turn out to be close to their experimental values.

These results will be verified below by more precise calculations. It turns out that there is a narrow interval ,  of undumping frequencies, and there is another window of transparency near the frequency .

Then beyond the usual quantum mechanics, generated by the autooscillations with frequency , there is another half of quantum mechanics completely unknown now.

This other half explains, in particular, the collapse of the wave function in the act of measurement and the natural cutoff for high frequencies in quantum field theory.

But it turns out that there are two types of oscillations: usual oscillations (or rotations) that explain spin, and oscillating transitions from causal to anticausal worlds. This second type of oscillations is identical to de Broglie waves.

The above estimation is suited for both types of oscillations.